In vitro anti-Pythium insidiosum activity of amorolfine hydrochloride and azithromycin, alone and in combination.

Pythium insidiosum infections have been widely studied in an attempt to develop an effective therapeutic protocol for the treatment of human and animal pythiosis. Several antifungal agents are still prescribed against this oomycete, although they present contradictory results. To evaluate the susceptibility profile and to verify the morphological alterations in P. insidiosum isolates treated with amorolfine hydrochloride and azithromycin, alone or in combination. Susceptibility tests for P. insidiosum isolates (n = 20) against amorolfine hydrochloride (AMR) and azithromycin (AZM) were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institutes (CLSI) protocol M38-A2. Combinations of both drugs were evaluated using the checkerboard microdilution method. Additionally, transmission and scanning electron microscopy were performed in order to verify the morphological alterations in P. insidiosum isolates in response to these drugs. All P. insidiosum isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 16 to 64 mg/l and 8 to 64 mg/l for amorolfine hydrochloride and azithromycin, respectively. Synergistic interactions between the drugs were not observed, with antagonism in 59.8% of isolates, and indifferent interactions in 36.2%. Electron microscopy showed changes in the surface of P. insidiosum hyphae, disorganization of intracellular organelles, and changes in the plasma membrane and cell wall of oomycetes treated with the drugs. This is the first study to demonstrate in vitro anti-P. insidiosum effect of amorolfine hydrochloride. These results indicate the therapeutic potential of this drug against cutaneous and subcutaneous forms of pythiosis, but further studies are necessary to confirm this potential.

Purpureocillium lilacinum and Trichoderma virens for biological control of trichostrongylid parasites of sheep: an in vitro evaluation.

The study evaluated the ovicidal activity of enzymatic extracts of Purpureocillium lilacinum and Trichoderma virens against trichostrongylid eggs from sheep. Filtered extract (FE) and macerated crude extract (MCE) were prepared from fungal cultures in minimal broth. In the experiment, 100 trichostrongylid eggs, obtained from the feces of naturally infected sheep, were exposed to fungal extracts for 24 and 48 hours/25°C. In the control group, eggs were incubated in minimal broth. The number of L1 larvae was ascertained. Each treatment consisted of four repetitions and the experiment was repeated five times. It was observed that the effect of FE and MCE of P. lilacinum and T. virens on egg hatchability differed from that of the control group. MCE of T. virens and P. lilacinum showed higher ovicidal activity than FE over both periods and at 48 hours of exposure, respectively. From the percentage reductions in hatchability of the eggs, MCE was shown to be superior to FE for both fungi. This study demonstrated the ovicidal potential of these fungi against trichostrongylid eggs. However, further studies are needed in order to identify the molecules responsible for the ovicidal effects, and to evaluate the behavior of fungal extracts in biotic and abiotic interactions.

Biogenic silver nanoparticles in the treatment of experimental pythiosis Bio-AgNP in pythiosis therapy.

Pythiosis is a rapidly progressing disease that can be lethal to affected individuals due to resistance to available therapeutic protocols. The disease affects mammals, with the largest number of reports in horses and humans. The present study investigated the activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles (bioAgNP) in the treatment of experimental pythiosis. The disease was reproduced in nine female 90-day-old New Zealand rabbits. Animals were divided into three groups: group1 (control, n = 3) daily and topically treated with a nonionized gel-based formulation and 1 ml of sterile distilled water intralesion administered every 48 hours; group 2 (n = 3), daily and topically treated with gel-based formulation containing 1 µg/ml bio-AgNP; group 3 (n = 3), treated with 1 ml bio-AgNP in 1 µg/ml aqueous solution intralesion administered every 48 hours. Animals were treated for 45 days, and the area of subcutaneous lesions was measured every 5 days. Results showed that groups 2 and 3 differed from control group (P < .05) in the lesion area, as well as the amount of hyphae within the lesions. It was observed that lesions of treated animals (groups 2 and 3) did not differ from each other, showing that the application route did not influence the regression of lesions. However, it was observed that one animal from group 2 reached clinical cure at 35 days of treatment. This research is pioneer in the application of nanocomposites for the treatment of experimental pythiosis and showed that bio-AgNP can be powerful allies of integrative medicine and can be included in pythiosis therapeutic protocols.

Exposure of Toxocara canis eggs to Purpureocillium lilacinum as a biocontrol strategy: an experimental model evaluation.

Purpureocillium lilacinum is a nematophagous fungus used in biological control against some parasites, including Toxocara canis. This study researched the infectivity of embryonated T. canis eggs after exposure to the fungus P. lilacinum. T. canis eggs were exposed to P. lilacinum for 15 or 30 days and subsequently administered to Swiss mice (n=20). Control group consisted of mice who received T. canis embryonated eggs without fungal exposure. Forty-eight hours after infection, heart, lung, and liver from animals of each group were collected to assess larval recovery. The organs of mice that received embryonated eggs exposed to the fungus showed a lower average larval recovery (P<0.05) suggesting that exposure of T. canis eggs to P. lilacinum was able to reduce experimental infection. Under the evaluated conditions, the interaction time between the fungus and the parasite eggs was not a significant factor in larvae recovery. P. lilacinum may be considered a promising T. canis biological control agent. However, further studies are needed to determine a protocol for the use of this fungus as a biological control agent.

Exposure of Toxocara canis eggs to Purpureocillium lilacinum as a biocontrol strategy: an experimental model evaluation / Exposição de ovos de Toxocara canis a Purpureocillium lilacinum como estratégia de biocontrole: uma avaliação em modelo experimental

Abstract Purpureocillium lilacinum is a nematophagous fungus used in biological control against some parasites, including Toxocara canis. This study researched the infectivity of embryonated T. canis eggs after exposure to the fungus P. lilacinum. T. canis eggs were exposed to P. lilacinum for 15 or 30 days and subsequently administered to Swiss mice (n=20). Control group consisted of mice who received T. canis embryonated eggs without fungal exposure. Forty-eight hours after infection, heart, lung, and liver from animals of each group were collected to assess larval recovery. The organs of mice that received embryonated eggs exposed to the fungus showed a lower average larval recovery (P<0.05) suggesting that exposure of T. canis eggs to P. lilacinum was able to reduce experimental infection. Under the evaluated conditions, the interaction time between the fungus and the parasite eggs was not a significant factor in larvae recovery. P. lilacinum may be considered a promising T. canis biological control agent. However, further studies are needed to determine a protocol for the use of this fungus as a biological control agent.

Resumo Purpureocillium lilacinum é um fungo nematófago com potencial para uso no controle biológico de parasitos, incluindo Toxocara canis. Este estudo pesquisou a infectividade de ovos de T. canis embrionados após exposição ao fungo P. lilacinum . Ovos de T. canis foram expostos ao fungo por 15 ou 30 dias e subsequentemente administrados a camundongos Swiss (n=20). O grupo controle consistiu de camundongos que receberam ovos embrionados do parasita sem exposição ao fungo. Quarenta e oito horas após a infecção, coração, pulmão e fígado dos camundongos foram coletados para avaliar a recuperação larval. Os órgãos dos animais que receberam ovos embrionados expostos ao fungo apresentaram menor média de recuperação larval (P<0,05) do que os infectados com ovos sem exposição ao fungo, sugerindo que a exposição dos ovos de T. canis a P. lilacinum foi capaz de reduzir a infecção experimental. Nas condições avaliadas, o tempo de interação entre o fungo e os ovos do parasito não foi um fator significativo na recuperação das larvas. P. lilacinum pode ser considerado um promissor agente de controle biológico de T. canis, no entanto, mais estudos são necessários para avaliar o emprego deste fungo como um agente de controle biológico.

Hearing alterations in systemic sclerosis. / Alterações auditivas na esclerose sistêmica.

PURPOSE: Describe hearing complaints and alterations in individuals with systemic sclerosis (SS) and to verify the development of audiological manifestations. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with a prospective phase, conducted in the period from 2012 to 2015, with patients with medical diagnosis of SS. Sociodemographic data, year of disease onset, year of diagnosis and disease subtype were collected. Later, audiological anamnesis was performed to identify complaints and symptoms and to investigate the performance of audiometry before the study and, after that, a basic audiological evaluation was conducted. RESULTS: Fifty individuals participated in the study. Dizziness and tinnitus were the most frequent symptoms. Hearing loss was identified in 23 (46%) individuals; most of them were of sensorineural type, of variable degrees and configurations. The analysis of hearing thresholds obtained in the audiological evaluation performed in 2012 and, later, in 2015, indicated onset or progression of hearing loss, with aggravation of 10dB in most frequencies evaluated, being more expressive in acute frequencies. CONCLUSION: High rate of hearing complaints and alterations in individuals with SS and onset and/or progression of hearing loss in those who underwent serial audiological evaluation were observed.

OBJETIVO: Descrever as queixas e alterações auditivas em indivíduos com esclerose sistêmica (ES), bem como verificar a evolução do quadro audiológico. MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo seccional, com uma fase prospectiva, realizado no período de 2012 e 2015, com pacientes com diagnóstico médico de ES. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, ano de início da doença, ano de diagnóstico e subtipo da enfermidade. Posteriormente, foram realizadas a anamnese audiológica, para identificação de queixas e sintomas e para a investigação de realização de audiometria pregressa ao estudo, e, em seguida, a avaliação audiológica básica. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 50 indivíduos. Tontura e zumbido foram os sintomas mais frequentes. A perda auditiva foi identificada em 23 (46%) indivíduos, sendo a maioria do tipo sensorioneural, de grau e configurações variáveis. A análise dos limares auditivos obtidos na avaliação audiológica realizada em 2012 e, posteriormente, em 2015 indicou desencadeamento ou progressão da perda auditiva, com piora de 10dB na maioria das frequências avaliadas, sendo mais expressiva nas frequências agudas. CONCLUSÃO: Elevada frequência de queixas e alterações auditivas em indivíduos com ES e desencadeamento e/ou progressão da perda auditiva naqueles que realizaram avaliação audiológica sequencial.

Alterações auditivas na esclerose sistêmica / Hearing alterations in systemic sclerosis

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as queixas e alterações auditivas em indivíduos com esclerose sistêmica (ES), bem como verificar a evolução do quadro audiológico. Método Trata-se de estudo seccional, com uma fase prospectiva, realizado no período de 2012 e 2015, com pacientes com diagnóstico médico de ES. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, ano de início da doença, ano de diagnóstico e subtipo da enfermidade. Posteriormente, foram realizadas a anamnese audiológica, para identificação de queixas e sintomas e para a investigação de realização de audiometria pregressa ao estudo, e, em seguida, a avaliação audiológica básica. Resultados Participaram do estudo 50 indivíduos. Tontura e zumbido foram os sintomas mais frequentes. A perda auditiva foi identificada em 23 (46%) indivíduos, sendo a maioria do tipo sensorioneural, de grau e configurações variáveis. A análise dos limares auditivos obtidos na avaliação audiológica realizada em 2012 e, posteriormente, em 2015 indicou desencadeamento ou progressão da perda auditiva, com piora de 10dB na maioria das frequências avaliadas, sendo mais expressiva nas frequências agudas. Conclusão Elevada frequência de queixas e alterações auditivas em indivíduos com ES e desencadeamento e/ou progressão da perda auditiva naqueles que realizaram avaliação audiológica sequencial.

ABSTRACT Purpose Describe hearing complaints and alterations in individuals with systemic sclerosis (SS) and to verify the development of audiological manifestations. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with a prospective phase, conducted in the period from 2012 to 2015, with patients with medical diagnosis of SS. Sociodemographic data, year of disease onset, year of diagnosis and disease subtype were collected. Later, audiological anamnesis was performed to identify complaints and symptoms and to investigate the performance of audiometry before the study and, after that, a basic audiological evaluation was conducted. Results Fifty individuals participated in the study. Dizziness and tinnitus were the most frequent symptoms. Hearing loss was identified in 23 (46%) individuals; most of them were of sensorineural type, of variable degrees and configurations. The analysis of hearing thresholds obtained in the audiological evaluation performed in 2012 and, later, in 2015, indicated onset or progression of hearing loss, with aggravation of 10dB in most frequencies evaluated, being more expressive in acute frequencies. Conclusion High rate of hearing complaints and alterations in individuals with SS and onset and/or progression of hearing loss in those who underwent serial audiological evaluation were observed.

Risk factors and infection due to Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs and cats in southern Rio Grande do Sul.

This study investigated the frequency of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in feces from dogs and cats in five municipalities in the southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The risk factors associated with infection were also investigated. Feces samples from 110 dogs and 18 cats were stained using the auramine method. At the time of feces sampling, a questionnaire with semi-open-ended questions was applied to the animal guardians and all data obtained underwent statistical analysis. The real frequency of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. was 24.63% (27 dogs and two cats). Only four samples of dog feces were diarrheic and no presence of oocysts was observed in any of them. Variables that represented risk factors for infection were: homemade food, untreated water, circulation of animals on grassy terrain and living in the same environment as other animals (cattle). The results made it possible to inferring that within the population studied, the frequency of parasitism due to Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs was relevant and emphasize the asymptomatic nature of this infection. The adopting control measures are highlighted, particularly in relation to variables that represent risk factors for this infection.

Risk factors and infection due to Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs and cats in southern Rio Grande do Sul / Fatores de risco e infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. em cães e gatos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul

Abstract This study investigated the frequency of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in feces from dogs and cats in five municipalities in the southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The risk factors associated with infection were also investigated. Feces samples from 110 dogs and 18 cats were stained using the auramine method. At the time of feces sampling, a questionnaire with semi-open-ended questions was applied to the animal guardians and all data obtained underwent statistical analysis. The real frequency of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. was 24.63% (27 dogs and two cats). Only four samples of dog feces were diarrheic and no presence of oocysts was observed in any of them. Variables that represented risk factors for infection were: homemade food, untreated water, circulation of animals on grassy terrain and living in the same environment as other animals (cattle). The results made it possible to inferring that within the population studied, the frequency of parasitism due to Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs was relevant and emphasize the asymptomatic nature of this infection. The adopting control measures are highlighted, particularly in relation to variables that represent risk factors for this infection.

Resumo Este estudo verificou a frequência de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. em fezes de cães e gatos em cinco municípios da região sul do Rio Grande do Sul e fatores de risco associados à infecção. Amostras de fezes de 110 cães e 18 gatos foram coradas pelo método de auramina. No momento da coleta de fezes aplicou-se um questionário aos tutores dos animais com questões semiabertas e os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística. A frequência verdadeira de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. foi de 24,63% (27 cães e 2 gatos). Apenas quatro amostras de fezes caninas eram diarreicas e todas sem oocistos. As variáveis que representaram fatores de risco para a infecção foram: alimentos de preparo caseiro, água não tratada, circulação dos animais em terreno gramíneo e convivência com outros animais, principalmente bovinos. Os resultados sugerem que a frequência de cães parasitados por Cryptosporidium spp. é relevante, reforçando o caráter assintomático da infeção. Destaca-se a importância da adoção de medidas de controle, particularmente das variáveis que representaram fatores de risco à infecção.

Protein profile of Brazilian Pythium insidiosum isolates.

Pythium insidiosum is an important aquatic Oomycota that causes pythiosis in mammals, especially horses, dogs, and humans; these inhabit marshy environments in tropical and subtropical areas. The aim of this study was to determine the protein profile, as well as identify likely immunodominant proteins, of Brazilian P. insidiosum isolates from southern Brazil, an important equine pythiosis endemic area. P. insidiosum isolates (horses, n = 20 and dogs, n = 02) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot techniques. Horse, cattle, dog, and rabbit sera of both diseased and healthy animals were used to identify P. insidiosum proteins. SDS-PAGE protein profile detected antigens of molecular weights ranging from 100 to 20 KDa. Dog isolates revealed a protein profile similar to that of horse isolates. Anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in the sera of the four species could recognize proteins of different molecular weights (∼74 KDa to ∼24 KDa), and proteins ∼50-55 KDa and ∼34 KDa were shown to be immunodominant. Furthermore, ∼74 KDa, ∼60 KDa, ∼30 KDa and ∼24 KDa proteins were poorly recognized by host species antibodies. The Brazilian P. insidiosum isolates analyzed showed a similar protein profile; however, further studies are essential for the identification and characterization of proteins expressed by P. insidiosum, and an evaluation of the immunological profile of hosts susceptible to this Oomycota is necessary.

Influence of temperature on in vitro zoosporogenesis of Pythium insidiosum.

This study verified the influence of different temperatures on P. insidiosum in vitro zoosporogenesis. P. insidiosum isolates (n = 26) were submitted to zoosporogenesis and incubated at 5°C, 15°C, 20°C and 37°C (1st stage). Grass fragments were evaluated under optical microscopy at 4, 8, and 24 hours of incubation. Afterward, all isolates were incubated at 37°C and assessed at the same periods of time (2nd stage). The development of hyphae, presence of vesicles, zoosporangia and zoospores were checked. Only the presence of short hyphae was observed at 5°C. At 15°C, the hyphae were either under development or elongated and two isolates produced zoospores. When the isolates were submitted to 20°C for 4 hours, the presence of long and mycelial hyphae, vesicles, zoosporangia and zoospores was observed, which also happened at the other periods evaluated. In the second stage, the isolates which were initially at 5°C and 15°C evidenced long developing hyphae with the presence of vesicles, zoosporangia, and zoospores within 4 hours of incubation, and these characteristics were kept at the other evaluated periods. The isolates kept at 37°C showed evident zoosporogenesis in the first 4 hours of evaluation. It was concluded that temperatures of 20°C and 37°C support P. insidiosum zoosporogenesis process. On the other hand, 5°C and 15°C temperatures do not kill the microorganism.

Retrocochlear impairments in systemic sclerosis: a case report study. / Alterações retrococleares na esclerose sistêmica: relato de casos.

PURPOSE: To report three cases of patients with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) and retrocochlear impairments. METHODS: This is a case report of three individuals with SSc and retrocochlear impairments assisted at a rheumatology outpatient clinic. All individuals underwent Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) and, when necessary, audiometry. RESULTS: All three individuals presented sensorineural hearing loss. Although no retrocochlear impairment was identified in the basic audiologic evaluation, the BAEP results were altered. CONCLUSION: Retrocochlear impairments were present in the individuals under study, both in the absolute latencies and interpeak interval, thereby demanding the attention of rheumatologists and speech-language pathologists to such changes during the monitoring of SSc patients. The results also show a need for epidemiological studies on the theme.

OBJETIVO: Relatar três casos de pacientes portadores de Esclerose Sistêmica e que apresentaram alterações retrococleares. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo de relato de casos de três indivíduos com esclerose sistêmica e alteração retrococlear, acompanhados em um serviço de reumatologia. Todos os pacientes realizaram o Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico e, quando necessário, nova audiometria. RESULTADOS: Todos os indivíduos apresentaram perda auditiva do tipo sensorioneural. Não foi identificado na avaliação audiológica básica qualquer resultado que sugerisse alteração retrococlear, porém o PEATE apresentou-se alterado. CONCLUSÃO: Pode-se concluir que o estudo revela alterações retrococleares nesta população, ocorrendo tanto nas latências absolutas quanto no intervalo interpico. E, neste contexto, reumatologistas e fonoaudiólogos, ao acompanharem pacientes com esclerose sistêmica, devem estar atentos para a possibilidade da ocorrência dessa alteração nessa população. Revela também, a necessidade de estudos epidemiológicos sobre o tema.

Alterações retrococleares na esclerose sistêmica: relato de casos / Retrocochlear impairments in systemic sclerosis: a case report study

RESUMO Objetivo Relatar três casos de pacientes portadores de Esclerose Sistêmica e que apresentaram alterações retrococleares. Método Trata-se de um estudo de relato de casos de três indivíduos com esclerose sistêmica e alteração retrococlear, acompanhados em um serviço de reumatologia. Todos os pacientes realizaram o Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico e, quando necessário, nova audiometria. Resultados Todos os indivíduos apresentaram perda auditiva do tipo sensorioneural. Não foi identificado na avaliação audiológica básica qualquer resultado que sugerisse alteração retrococlear, porém o PEATE apresentou-se alterado. Conclusão Pode-se concluir que o estudo revela alterações retrococleares nesta população, ocorrendo tanto nas latências absolutas quanto no intervalo interpico. E, neste contexto, reumatologistas e fonoaudiólogos, ao acompanharem pacientes com esclerose sistêmica, devem estar atentos para a possibilidade da ocorrência dessa alteração nessa população. Revela também, a necessidade de estudos epidemiológicos sobre o tema.

ABSTRACT Purpose To report three cases of patients with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) and retrocochlear impairments. Methods This is a case report of three individuals with SSc and retrocochlear impairments assisted at a rheumatology outpatient clinic. All individuals underwent Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) and, when necessary, audiometry. Results All three individuals presented sensorineural hearing loss. Although no retrocochlear impairment was identified in the basic audiologic evaluation, the BAEP results were altered. Conclusion Retrocochlear impairments were present in the individuals under study, both in the absolute latencies and interpeak interval, thereby demanding the attention of rheumatologists and speech-language pathologists to such changes during the monitoring of SSc patients. The results also show a need for epidemiological studies on the theme.

Effect of anaerobic bovine colostrum fermentation on bacteria growth inhibition / Efeito da fermentação anaeróbica do colostro bovino na inibição do crescimento de bactérias

ABSTRACT: Efficient handling programs that provide high quality colostrum in adequate amounts to dairy farm calves are needed to assure their health and survival. Replacers (or milk substitutes) often become necessary when colostrum presents inadequate quality, or in order to break the cycle of infectious disease transmission. In this study we aimed to assess the effect of anaerobic fermentation processing (colostrum silage) on bacterial that represent interest to animal health. Colostrum samples were inoculated with cultures of Brucella abortus , Escherichia coli , Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni , Mycobacterium bovis , Salmonella Enteritidis , Salmonella Typhimurium , Staphylococcus aureus , and Bacillus cereus and then subjected to anaerobic fermentation. On the first day, and every seven days until 30th days after fermentation, the samples were cultured and colony forming units counted. At seven days of fermentation, B. abortus , L. interrogans , and M. bovis were not detected. At 14th days of fermentation, E. coli , S. aureus , S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were no longer detected. However, we were able to detect both lactic acid bacteria and B. cereus until 30th days of fermentation. From this study we suggested that anaerobic fermentation processing can inhibit important bacteria that cause economical losses for the cattle industry. The observations suggested that colostrum silage is a promising form to conserve bovine colostrum.

RESUMO: Eficientes programas de manejo que permitem o fornecimento de colostro de alta qualidade e em quantidades adequadas para bezerros são necessários para garantir a sua saúde e sobrevivência. Substitutos do leite tornam-se frequentemente necessários quando o colostro apresenta qualidade inadequada ou a fim de quebrar o ciclo de transmissão de doenças infecciosas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da fermentação anaeróbica do colostro bovino (silagem de colostro) sobre bactérias de interesse para a saúde animal. Alíquotas de colostro foram inoculadas com culturas de Brucella abortus , Escherichia coli , Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni , Mycobacterium bovis , Salmonella Enteritidis , Salmonella Typhimurium , Staphylococcus aureus e Bacillus cereus e submetidas ao processo de fermentação anaeróbia. No primeiro dia e a cada sete dias até o 30o dia de fermentação, as alíquotas foram cultivadas e analisadas pela contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias. Aos sete dias de fermentação, unidades formadoras de colônias de B. abortus, L. interrogans e M. bovis não foram detectadas e unidades formadoras de colônia de E. coli , S. aureus , S. Enteritidis e S. Typhimurium não foram observadas no 14o dia de fermentação. No entanto, B. cereus e bactérias ácido lácticas foram detectadas até o 30o dia de fermentação. Este estudo sugere que o processo de fermentação anaeróbia do colostro bovino proporciona efeitos inibitórios sobre as bactérias avaliadas, constituindo-se num promissor método de conservação do colostro bovino.

Anaerobically fermented colostrum: an alternative for feeding calves / Colostro fermentado anaerobicamente: uma alternativa para alimentação de bezerras

Milk or commercial milk replacer blends are the most expensive components in final costs of calves breeding. Colostrum is available and it is the appropriate sources for calves' nutrition, being an excellent option as milk substitute. Besides having both nutritional and immunological characteristics that are superior to milk, colostrum represents no costs to the producer. However, difficulties in preservation of colostrum generate controversy results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anaerobically fermented colostrum (colostrum silage) as liquid diet for dairy calves. We evaluated the microbiological and physicochemical properties of silage, and performance of 31 animals up to 60 days age. From 21 days until 360 days of fermentation we isolated only bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus spp. The physicochemical evaluation of colostrum silage revealed a tendency to maintain the protein, dry matter and fat values during the evaluation period. The average weight gain of calves fed with milk was 0.6kg day-1 for female and 0.6g day-1 for males while those fed with colostrum silage was significantly higher (P<0.05) with a mean of 0.7kg day-1 for female and 0.7kg day-1 for males. The results of this study demonstrated that colostrum silage keeps the properties necessary for the development of the calves and is a suitable replacement for calves' milk.

O leite ou substitutos comerciais do leite são os componentes mais caros do custo final da criação de bezerras. O colostro é uma fonte adequadada de nutrientes, sendo uma excelente opção como substituto do leite. Além de ter características nutricionais e imunológicas superiores ao leite, o colostro não representa custos para o produtor. No entanto, as dificuldades de preservação do colostro têm gerado resultados controversos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o colostro fermentado anaerobicamente (silagem de colostro) como dieta líquida para bezerras leiteiras. Foram avaliadas as propriedades microbiológicas e físico-químicas da silagem de colostro e o desempenho de 31 animais até 60 dias de idade. A partir de 21 dias até 360 dias de fermentação, foram isoladas apenas bactérias do género Lactobacillus spp. A avaliação físico-química da silagem de colostro revelou uma tendência para manter os valores de proteína, gordura e matéria seca durante o período de avaliação. O ganho médio de peso dos bezerros alimentados com leite foi de 0,6kg dia-1 para as fêmeas e de 0.6kg dia-1 para os machos, enquanto que o ganho médio de peso para os animais alimentados com silagem colostro foi significativamente maior (P<0,05), com média de 0,7kg dia-1 para as fêmeas e 0,7kg dia-1 para os machos. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a silagem de colostro mantém as propriedades necessárias para o desenvolvimento dos animais, sendo um substituto adequado para o leite.

Perfuração gástrica em um canino induzida por nimesulida / Gastric perforation in a canine induced by nimesulide

Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINEs) têm sido muito utilizados na clínica de pequenos animais (FOX e JOHNSTON, 1997). Esses medicamentos possuem excelentes efeitos terapêuticos no alívio da dor e no tratamento de processos inflamatórios, no entanto possuem efeitos adversos especialmente no trato gastrointestinal onde podem promover o aparecimento de úlceras focais. As úlceras são lesões caracterizadas pela destruição da mucosa do trato gastroentérico (WILLARD, 2003). O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o tratamento cirúrgico de um canino diagnosticado com úlcera gástrica perfurante devido ao uso de nimesulida.